Vitamin C: Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is an essential cofactor for α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases which play a role in the biosynthesis of collagen and energy metabolism, and neutrophil function and apoptosis.

Vitamin E: Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) functions as an essential lipid-soluble antioxidant, scavenging hydroperoxyl radicals in the lipid milieu.

Vitamin B: B vitamins, also known as B-complex vitamins, play essential roles in catabolic and anabolic metabolism. These 8 water-soluble vitamins are excreted in urine and require repletion daily. The B vitamins are identified as follows: thiamine (B₁), riboflavin (B₂), niacin (B₃), pantothenic acid (B₅), pyridoxine (B₆), biotin (B₇), folate (B₉), and cobalamin (B₁₂). B vitamins act as coenzymes in several enzymatic processes that support every aspect of cellular physiological functioning, including major functions within the brain and nervous system. 

Vitamin A: Vitamin A is the name of a group of fat-soluble retinoids, primarily retinol and retinyl esters [1,2]. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, cellular communication, growth and development, and male and female reproduction [1-3]. Vitamin A supports cell growth and differentiation, playing a critical role in the normal formation and maintenance of the heart, lungs, eyes, and other organs.